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Operating System

Linux Commands

File System​

ls​
  • ls -a - list all files including hidden files
  • ls -l - list all files in long format
  • ls -la - list all files including hidden files in long format
  • ls -lh - list all files in long format with readable file size
  • ls -lS - list all files in long format sorted by size
cd​
  • cd ~ - go to home directory
  • cd - - go to previous directory
  • cd .. - go to parent directory
  • cd / - go to root directory
  • cd /path/to/directory - go to directory
  • cd /path/to/file - go to directory of file
pwd​
  • pwd - print working directory
mkdir​
  • mkdir directory - create directory
  • mkdir -p directory/subdirectory - create directory with subdirectory
touch​
  • touch file - create file
  • touch file1 file2 file3 - create multiple files
rm​
  • rm file - remove file
  • rm -r directory - remove directory
mv​
  • mv file1 file2 - rename file
  • mv file directory - move file to directory
  • mv file1 file2 directory - move multiple files to directory
cp​
  • cp file1 file2 - copy file
  • cp file directory - copy file to directory
  • cp file1 file2 directory - copy multiple files to directory
cat​
  • cat file - print file content
  • cat file1 file2 - print multiple files content
  • cat file1 file2 > file3 - concatenate multiple files content to file
less​
  • less file - print file content with pagination
  • less file1 file2 - print multiple files content with pagination
  • head file - print first 10 lines of file
  • head -n 5 file - print first 5 lines of file
  • head -n -5 file - print all lines of file except last 5 lines
tail​
  • tail file - print last 10 lines of file
  • tail -n 5 file - print last 5 lines of file
  • tail -n +5 file - print all lines of file except first 5 lines
grep​
  • grep "pattern" file - search for pattern in file
    example: grep "hello" file
  • grep -i "pattern" file - search for pattern in file case insensitive
    example: grep -i "hello" file
find​
  • find /path/to/directory -name "pattern" - search for pattern in directory
    example: find /home -name "hello"
chmod​
  • chmod 777 file - change file permission to read, write and execute for all
chown​
  • chown user:group file - change file owner and group
sudo​
  • sudo command - run command as root user

System​

passwd​
  • passwd - change password of current user
  • passwd user - change password of user
whoami​
  • whoami - print current user
who​
  • who - print all users
w​
  • w - print all users with more information
id​
  • id - print current user id

Disk and Memory​

df​
  • df - print disk usage
du​
  • du - print disk usage of current directory
  • du -h - print disk usage of current directory with readable file size
free​
  • free - print memory usage
top​
  • top - print running processes
ps​
  • ps - print running processes

kill​

  • kill pid - kill process by process id

killall​

  • killall process - kill process by process name

Network​

ifconfig​

  • ifconfig - print network information

ping​

  • ping host - ping host

traceroute​

  • traceroute host - trace route to host

wget​

  • wget url - download file from url

curl​

  • curl url - download file from url

Compression​

tar​

  • tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 - create archive

zip​

  • zip archive.zip file1 file2 - create archive

unzip​

  • unzip archive.zip - extract archive

gzip​

  • gzip file - compress file

gunzip​

  • gunzip file.gz - decompress file

Other​

history​

  • history - print history of commands

clear​

  • clear - clear terminal

exit​

  • exit - exit terminal

shutdown​

  • shutdown - shutdown system

reboot​

  • reboot - reboot system

halt​

  • halt - halt system

poweroff​

  • poweroff - poweroff system

apt​

  • apt update - update packages
  • apt upgrade - upgrade packages
  • apt install package - install package
  • apt remove package - remove package

References​